利用Python进行数据分析.pdf电子书下载
1 准备工作
1.1 环境搭建
1.1.1 安装python3.6
1.1.2 安装django2.2
pip install django(==2.2.0) //不加版本默认安装最新版
1.1.3 安装pycharm（社区版，官网下载安装即可）
在安装完成后要配置好需要的第三方库：（pip下载，推荐在pycharm下也配置虚拟环境）
Django2.2
连接mysql需要的库：PyMySQL, mysql, mysqlclinet
验证码用到的库：django-simple-captcha（只需在虚拟环境下配置）
（由于下载库较多，忘记用到的库，下附截图）
1.1.4 安装数据库，
我使用的是MySQL,推荐安装界面管理文件（我使用的是MySQLWorkbench）数据库配置，settings.py文件
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME':'cet', #数据库名字
'USER':'root', #登陆数据库的用户名
'PASSWORD':'123', #登陆数据库的密码
'HOST':'localhost', #数据库的ip地址
'PORT':'3306', #ip地址的端口号，默认（3306）
}
}
__init__.py里面导入pymysql
import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
1.2 创建django项目及app
1.2.1 创建指令
django-admin startproject project_name #创建项目 python manage.py startapp app_name #创建app(可能会报错) #上面创建app失败用下面这个指令 django-admin startapp app_name 1.2.2 注册app INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'login', #登录注册 'captcha', #验证码 'home', #报名主页 ]
1.4 更改时区和语言
settings.py文件中，将默认改为亚洲/上海和中文
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False
1.5 数据库迁移
更改models.py后，要将更改同步到数据库之中，这时就要用到数据库迁移指令（若迁移失败：no changes问题）。
python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate
1.6 创建超级管理员
命令行冲使用指令创建管理员账号用于使用django自带的框架。
python manage.py createsuperuser
1.7 运行准备
添加端口号：
2 注册登录模块
(我将其放在了app名为login里面)
2.1 数据库模型设计
特殊参数说明：verbose_name――用于修改django框架各表成员的名字（相当于副名，只用于显示），其他可以从文章
开头推荐的博客了解。
#login/models.py
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class User(models.Model):
'''用户表'''
gender = (
('male', '男'),
('female', '女'),
)
name = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名", max_length=128, unique=True) # unique表示唯一
password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码", max_length=256)
email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="邮箱", unique=True)
sex = models.CharField(verbose_name="性别", max_length=32, choices=gender, default='男')
c_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
def __str__(self):
return self.name
#用于将django自带管理员端汉化
class Meta:
ordering = ['c_time']
verbose_name = '用户'
verbose_name_plural = '用户'
2.2 在admin中注册模型
#login/admin.py from django.contrib import admin # Register your models here. from . import models admin.site.register(models.User)
2.3 创建表单
在我们创建数据库用户表后,采用表单验证前端的数据并进行存储到数据库中。
#login/forms.py
from django import forms
from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
class user_entry(forms.Form):
user_name = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
user_true_name = forms.CharField(label="真实姓名", max_length=128,widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
user_id = forms.CharField(label="身份证号", max_length=18, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
exam_point = forms.CharField(label="考点", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
class user_datas(forms.Form):
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
user_name = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
user_true_name = forms.CharField(label="真实姓名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
user_id = forms.CharField(label="身份证号", max_length=18, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
# user_img =
user_school = forms.CharField(label="所在学校", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
# user_f_score = forms.CharField(label="四级成绩", max_length=10, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
# user_s_score = forms.CharField(label="六级成绩", max_length=10, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
2.4 路由及视图设计
2.4.1 路由设计
由于登陆注册使用的路径不多，就将其全放在项目目录下的urls.py文件，当然也可以采用项目和app相结合。
#项目名/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from login import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.index), #修改端口默认主页
path('admin/', admin.site.urls), #管理员端
#登录注册
path('index/', views.index),
path('check/', views.check),
path('login/', views.login),
path('register/', views.register),
path('logout/', views.logout),
#使用验证码
path('captcha', include('captcha.urls')),
#报名app路由
path('homepage/',include('home.urls')),
]
2.4.2 试图设计
#login/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from . import models
from .forms import UserForm,RegisterForm
from home.models import user_data
# Create your views here.
def check(request):
pass
return render(request, 'login/hello.html')
def index(request):
pass
return render(request, 'login/index.html')
#加入sesson
def login(request):
#不允许重复登录
if request.session.get('is_login', None):
return redirect('/index')
if request.method == "POST":
login_form = UserForm(request.POST)
message = "请检查填写的内容！"
if login_form.is_valid():
username = login_form.cleaned_data['username']
password = login_form.cleaned_data['password']
try:
user = models.User.objects.get(name=username)
if user.password == password:
#往session字典内写入用户状态和数据
request.session['is_login'] = True
request.session['user_id'] = user.id
request.session['user_name'] = user.name
return redirect('/index/')
else:
message = "密码不正确！"
except:
message = "用户不存在！"
return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
login_form = UserForm()
return render(request, 'login/login.html', locals())
def logout(request):
if not request.session.get('is_login', None):
# 如果本来就未登录，也就没有登出一说
return redirect("/index/")
request.session.flush()
# 或者使用下面的方法
# del request.session['is_login']
# del request.session['user_id']
# del request.session['user_name']
return redirect("/index/")
def register(request):
if request.session.get('is_login', None):
# 登录状态不允许注册。
return redirect("/index/")
if request.method == "POST":
register_form = RegisterForm(request.POST)
message = "请检查填写的内容！"
if register_form.is_valid(): # 获取数据
username = register_form.cleaned_data['username']
password1 = register_form.cleaned_data['password1']
password2 = register_form.cleaned_data['password2']
email = register_form.cleaned_data['email']
sex = register_form.cleaned_data['sex']
if password1 != password2: # 判断两次密码是否相同
message = "两次输入的密码不同！"
return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
else:
same_name_user = models.User.objects.filter(name=username)
if same_name_user: # 用户名唯一
message = '用户已经存在，请重新选择用户名！'
return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
same_email_user = models.User.objects.filter(email=email)
if same_email_user: # 邮箱地址唯一
message = '该邮箱地址已被注册，请使用别的邮箱！'
return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
message = "注册成功！"
# 当一切都OK的情况下，创建新用户
# 创建用户信息//有问题：放在创建用户表后面会出现DJANGO pymysql.err.IntegrityError:
# (1062, "Duplicate entry '' for key 'user_name'")
new_user_data = user_data.objects.create()
new_user_data.user_name = username
new_user_data.user_true_name = '无'
new_user_data.user_id = '无'
new_user_data.user_school = '无'
# new_user_data.user_f_score = 425
# new_user_data.user_s_score = 0
new_user_data.save()
#创建用户表
new_user = models.User.objects.create()
new_user.name = username
new_user.password = password1
new_user.email = email
new_user.sex = sex
new_user.save()
return redirect('/login/') # 自动跳转到登录页面
register_form = RegisterForm()
return render(request, 'login/register.html', locals())
3 个人信息及报名管理
(我将其放在了app名为home里面)
3.1 数据库模型设计
#home/models.py from django.db import models # Create your models here. class exam_entry_table(models.Model): #考点信息表 exam_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试编号",max_length=10) exam_type = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试类别",max_length=128) exam_point = models.CharField(verbose_name="考点",max_length=128) exam_time = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试时间",max_length=128) number = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="容量") entry_number = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="已报名数量",default=0) def __str__(self): return self.exam_point class Meta: # ordering = ['c_time'] verbose_name = '考点' verbose_name_plural = '考点信息表' class user_entry_table(models.Model): #用户考试信息表 email = models.EmailField(verbose_name="邮箱") exam_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="考试编号",max_length=10) exam_point = models.CharField(verbose_name="考点",max_length=128) def __str__(self): return self.email class Meta: # ordering = ['c_time'] verbose_name = '用户考试信息' verbose_name_plural = '用户考试信息表' class user_data(models.Model): #用户信息表 user_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="用户名",max_length=128, unique=True) user_true_name = models.CharField(verbose_name="真实姓名",max_length=128, null=True) user_id = models.CharField(verbose_name="身份证号",max_length=18, null=True) # user_img = user_school = models.CharField(verbose_name="在读学校",max_length=128) user_f_score = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="四级成绩", default=0) user_s_score = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="六级成绩", default=0) def __str__(self): return self.user_name class Meta: # ordering = ['c_time'] verbose_name = '用户名' verbose_name_plural = '用户信息表'
3.2 注册模型
#home/admin.py from django.contrib import admin # Register your models here. from . import models admin.site.register(models.exam_entry_table) #考点信息表 admin.site.register(models.user_entry_table) #用户考试信息表 admin.site.register(models.user_data) #用户信息表
3.3 创建表单
#home/forms.py
from django import forms
from captcha.fields import CaptchaField
class UserForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
password = forms.CharField(label="密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
captcha = CaptchaField(label='验证码')
class RegisterForm(forms.Form):
gender = (
('male', "男"),
('female', "女"),
)
username = forms.CharField(label="用户名", max_length=128, widget=forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
password1 = forms.CharField(label="密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
password2 = forms.CharField(label="确认密码", max_length=256, widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
email = forms.EmailField(label="邮箱地址", widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
sex = forms.ChoiceField(label='性别', choices=gender)
captcha = CaptchaField(label='验证码')
3.4 路由及视图设计
3.4.1 路由设计
这里用到的路劲较为复杂，采用项目urls和app的urls结合起来避免项目的urls过于拥挤。
先修改项目的urls.py文件：
#项目名/urls.py
path('homepage/',include('home.urls')), #前面已经添加了，这里只做说明
再修改app中的urls.py文件：
#home/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include
from home import views
urlpatterns = [
path('test/', views.test),
path('my_data/',views.mydate), #我的信息
path('query_results/',views.query), #查询报告信息
path('cet_4/',views.cet_4), #四级报名
path('cet_6/',views.cet_6), #六级报名
path('change_my_data/',views.updata),
]
3.4.2 试图设计
#home/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from . import models
from .forms import user_entry, user_datas
from django.http import HttpResponse,HttpResponseRedirect
# from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from login.models import User
# Create your views here.
def test(request):
pass
return render(request, 'home/test.html')
#我的信息
def mydate(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
account = User.objects.get(name=username)#用户登录注册表
user = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name= username)
return render(request,"home/myself.html",{"user":user, "account":account})
#修改我的信息
def updata(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# print("-----------------------")
# print(username)
# print("-----------------------")
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)#login_user表
if request.method == "POST":
userdata = user_datas(request.POST)
# print(userdata)
if userdata.is_valid():
user_das = userdata.cleaned_data
# user.user_name = user_da['user_name'] #用户无法修改用户名
user.email = user_das['email']
user_da.user_true_name = user_das['user_true_name']
user_da.user_id = user_das['user_id']
user_da.user_school = user_das['user_school']
user_da.save()
user.save()
# 四六级成绩无法修改
# user_datas.user_f_score = user_da['user_f_score']
# user_datas.user_s_score = user_da['user_s_score']
return redirect('/homepage/my_data/')
else:
userdata = user_datas(initial={"email":user.email,"user_name":user_da.user_name,"user_true_name":user_da.user_true_name,"user_id":user_da.user_id,"user_school":user_da.user_school})
return render(request, 'home/change_mydata.html', {"userdata":userdata})
#查询考试信息 还没完成，优化，条件判断
def query(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name',None)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
#用于判断用户是否报名
user_en = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email)
# print("********************")
# print(user_en)
# print(user_en[0])
if user_en:
# print(len(user_en))
if len(user_en)==1:
user_entry = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email)
user_point = user_entry.exam_point
user_eid = user_entry.exam_id
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point, exam_id=user_eid)
return render(request, 'home/query1.html', {"exam_entry": exam_entry})
else:
user_entry4 = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email, exam_id=0)
user_entry6 = models.user_entry_table.objects.get(email=user.email, exam_id=1)
user_point4 = user_entry4.exam_point
user_point6 = user_entry6.exam_point
exam_entry4 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point4, exam_id=0)
exam_entry6 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=user_point6, exam_id=1)
return render(request, 'home/query2.html', {"exam_entry4": exam_entry4, "exam_entry6":exam_entry6})
else:
# message = "你还未报名！请先报名之后再来查看！"
# return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=user.name)
school = user_da.user_school
if school=='无':
message = "请先更新你的学校信息！"
return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
else:
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=school)
if point:
if len(point)==1:
exam = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school)
return render(request, 'home/exam1.html', {"exam": exam})
else:
exam4 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school, exam_id=0)
exam6 = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=school, exam_id=1)
return render(request, 'home/exam2.html', {"exam4": exam4, "exam6": exam6})
else:
message="你的学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'login/index.html', locals())
#四级报名
def cet_4(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# 用户信息表,用户表，获取信息判断资格
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
if request.method == "POST":
cet4_form = user_entry(request.POST)
if cet4_form.is_valid():
# 四级考试对分数无要求
# 只需要获取报考考点信息即可
# email = cet4_form.cleaned_data['email']
exam_id = '0'
exam_point = cet4_form.cleaned_data['exam_point']
#用与下面的考点判断
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id='0')
# 用与下面的是否重复报名判断
entryer = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email, exam_id=exam_id)
#判断个人信息是否完善
if user_da.user_true_name=='无'or user_da.user_id=='无':
message="请先完善个人真实信息之后再来报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
# 判断是否重复报名
# print("判断是否重复报名")
elif entryer:
message = "请勿重复报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
elif point:
# 考点存在
# print("没有重复报名")
message = "报名成功！请按时参加考试！"
# 创建一条数据
new_user = models.user_entry_table.objects.create()
new_user.email = user.email
new_user.exam_id = exam_id
new_user.exam_point = exam_point
new_user.save()
# 考点容量减1,报考人数加1
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
exam_entry.number -= 1
exam_entry.entry_number += 1
exam_entry.save()
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
else:
message = "该学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
cet4_form = user_entry(initial={"email": user.email, "user_name": user_da.user_name, "user_true_name": user_da.user_true_name,
"user_id": user_da.user_id})
return render(request, 'home/cet_4.html', locals())
#六级报名：
def cet_6(request):
username = request.session.get('user_name', None)
# 用户信息表,用户表，获取信息判断资格
user_da = models.user_data.objects.get(user_name=username)
user = User.objects.get(name=username)
if request.method == "POST":
cet6_form = user_entry(request.POST)
if cet6_form.is_valid():
# 只需要获取报考考点信息即可
# email = cet4_form.cleaned_data['email']
exam_id = '1'
exam_point = cet6_form.cleaned_data['exam_point']
f_score = user_da.user_f_score
# 用与下面的考点判断
point = models.exam_entry_table.objects.filter(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
# 用与下面的是否重复报名判断
entryer = models.user_entry_table.objects.filter(email=user.email, exam_id=exam_id)
# 判断个人信息是否完善
if user_da.user_true_name=='无'or user_da.user_id=='无':
message="请先完善个人真实信息之后再来报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
# 判断是否重复报名
elif entryer:
# print("判断是否重复报名")
message = "请勿重复报名！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
# 判断考点是否存在
elif point:
# 考点存在
#判断四级成绩是否合格
if f_score >= 425:
# print("报名成功！请按时参加考试！")
# 创建一条数据
message = "报名成功！请按时参加考试！"
new_user = models.user_entry_table.objects.create()
new_user.email = user.email
new_user.exam_id = exam_id
new_user.exam_point = exam_point
new_user.save()
# 考点容量减1,报考人数加1
exam_entry = models.exam_entry_table.objects.get(exam_point=exam_point, exam_id=exam_id)
exam_entry.number -= 1
exam_entry.entry_number += 1
exam_entry.save()
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
else:
message = "四级成绩大于425才能报名六级考试！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
else:
message = "该学校还未开放报名！详情请咨询学校相关部门！"
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
cet6_form = user_entry(
initial={"email": user.email, "user_name": user_da.user_name, "user_true_name": user_da.user_true_name,
"user_id": user_da.user_id})
return render(request, 'home/cet_6.html', locals())
到这里基本的后端都实现了。
4 项目最终框架展示
5 总结
成果展示：
注册：
登录：
主页：
管理端：
数据库设计问题:
由于此次设计在开始之时没有设计完善，数据库各表之间的关联存在问题，例如本次报名系统而言，用户信息最好添加手机号码，我本打算使用邮箱即可，但是推荐使用联系更快的电话号码等等问题。
附录
整体项目包地址链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/130AP7coMP_U2q_dzaazUWA 提取码: nywa
总结
以上所述是小编给大家介绍的Pycharm+django2.2+python3.6+MySQL实现简单的考试报名系统,希望对大家有所帮助，如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言，小编会及时回复大家的。在此也非常感谢大家对谷谷点程序网站的支持！
如果你觉得本文对你有帮助，欢迎转载，烦请注明出处，谢谢！